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Gal, Jozsef – Janowszky, Sandor – Juhasz-Fodor,
Timea:
Lifelong Learning in the Hungarian Education
System
“When planning for a year, plant a corn.
When planning for a decade, plant trees.
When planning for life, train and educate
people.”
(Chinese proverb, Guanzi)
1.
About lifelong learning in general
The paradigm of lifelong learning is not new
in the history of pedagogy. According to
Konfuciusz, Chinese thinker everyone needs
constant self-improvement, which is not only
about improving one’s knowledge but also
about improving one’s personality.
One of the experts of pedagogy, Comenius
Amos Janos thought that education is a
lifelong process for every person. According
to him, human life can be divided into 8
phases, and in each phase education and
learning take place in a specific mode with
specific aims.
In the folk wisdom of certain countries we
can find the motif of learning from cradle
to grave and there is a proverb saying “a
good priest learns until his death.”
Lifelong learning is the concept that "It's
never too soon or too late for learning."
People can and should be open to new ideas,
decisions, skills or behaviors. Lifelong
learning sees citizens provided with
learning opportunities at all ages and in
numerous contexts: at work, at home and
through leisure activities, not just through
formal channels such as school and higher
education.
Lifelong education is a form of pedagogy
often accomplished through distance
learning, home schooling or correspondence
courses. It also includes postgraduate
programs for those who want to improve their
qualification, bring their skills up to date
or start a new line of work. Internal
corporate training has similar goals, with
the concept of lifelong learning used by
organizations to promote a more dynamic
employee base, better able to react in an
agile manner to a rapidly changing climate.
In later life, especially in retirement,
continued learning takes diverse forms,
crossing traditional academic bounds and
including recreational activities.
1.
The importance of lifelong learning
One of the reasons why lifelong education
has become so important is the acceleration
of scientific and technological progress.
Despite the increased duration of primary,
secondary (14-18 years depending on the
country) and university education, the
acquired knowledge and skills are usually
not sufficient for a professional career
spanning three or four decades. Furthermore,
we have moved from an industrial age into an
information age, with increasing amounts of
knowledge, complexity, and challenges.
Education pedagogy, infrastructures, and
belief systems must also shift from the
industrial era. Things change faster, and
less predictably. Nowadays, there is an
increasing emphasis on the flexibility and
adaptability of individuals. The ability to
learn faster than others may be the key to
economic and social survival for both the
individual and the organization. Skills and
knowledge must therefore be updated on a
regular basis. Many jobs are becoming more
and more complex and knowledge intensive. To
be able to enter, and to stay on the labor
market, individuals must not only be able to
continuously improve and update their
knowledge and skills, but they must also be
able to apply them in a wider variety of
context. Learning how to learn, therefore,
is fundamental.
A commitment to lifelong learning requires
conscious choice and on-going motivation. To
exercise the fundamental right to freely
acquire knowledge, from cradle to grave,
individuals need to learn to act socially,
within teams, within organizations and
communities, and in modern society.
Lifelong learning is a global, national and
personal process. It encompasses learning
for personal, civic and social purposes as
well as for employment-related purposes. At
the Lisbon European Council in March 2000,
government leaders set the EU a 10-year
mission to become the most competitive
knowledge-based economy in the world, which
is capable of economic growth with more and
better jobs and greater social cohesion.
Lifelong learning is a core element of this
strategy, central not only to
competitiveness and employability but also
to social inclusion, active citizenship and
personal development. Lifelong learning has
become the guiding principle for the
development of education and training
policy. The aim is to make lifelong learning
a reality for all.
Lifelong learning implies raising investment
in people and knowledge; promoting the
acquisition of basic skills, including
digital literacy; and broadening
opportunities for innovative, more flexible
forms of learning. The aim is to provide
people of all ages with equal and open
access to high-quality learning
opportunities, and to a variety of learning
experiences throughout Europe.
1.
A European concept and Hungary
A European concept – lifelong learning as a
prism for development policy
The philosophy of lifelong learning is of
crucial importance among the member states
of the European Union. In 2000 the European
Union decided at the Feira summit that, as
part of the Lisbon strategy, member states
have to write their own lifelong learning
strategies. The meta-discourse of lifelong
learning is very flexible; it means that
individuals can take up learning at any
stage in their lives (lifelong), that they
can take up any form of learning (life wide)
and that there is a constant pressure or
urge to learn in a knowledge-based society
(learning society).
There are three progressive forces behind
the meta-discourse of lifelong learning:
-
personal fulfillment,
-
the improvement of the democratic
system, and
-
the development of adaptability.
Lifelong learning can thus serve as a prism
for developmental policy which unifies not
only strategic guidelines concerning the
field of education but also policy
considerations and developments of other
sectors that contribute to the improvement
of the country’s human resources.
The Hungarian paradigm
The concept of lifelong learning includes
the aspiration aiming at the modernization
of the Hungarian education system and the
concept of the improvement of the
curriculum.
The key elements of the Hungarian lifelong
learning paradigm include:
-
from cradle to grave – lifelong learning
encompasses the entire lifecycle of the
individual, from early socialization and
pre-school education to retirement age
in terms of employment;
-
learning for all – targeted programs
combating learning disorders,
alternative learning and teaching
strategies that offer another chance for
drop-outs, and measures strengthening
the relationship and the interaction
between learning situations and the
environment are appreciated;
-
diverse learning objectives – learning
is not only a tool for finding and
holding the appropriate job, but
something positive in and of itself: it
also improves several other dimensions
of an individual’s quality of life;
-
emphasis on the development of
competences – general, professional,
social competences enable people and
communities to retain their integrity in
a permanently changing environment;
-
schools can also build on out-of-school
knowledge – formal, non-formal and
informal learning;
-
new learning culture – by means of an
adequate shift in attitude and approach
through appropriate teaching and
learning methods and tools, motivation
to learn can be increased, and learning
can become an enjoyable, rewarding and
successful activity;
-
integrating the different forms and
levels of learning, education and
training into a single system.
The Hungarian lifelong learning paradigm is
based on the premise that in a competitive
knowledge-based society and economy, there
is an ever intensifying demand for the
institutional systems, which assist learning
and the dissemination of knowledge, to be
adjusted to individual and community
expectations. The aim of the Hungarian
strategy is to outline the policy guidelines
and the practical work to be performed.
Based on this strategy, education, training
and certification systems – in the long run
– become capable of ensuring adequate
foundations and an opportunity for
continuous development for all with a view
to the dynamic development of their
competencies. These in turn promote
productive participation in the labor market
and the improvement of national
competitiveness. The program for the
development and building of the system of
lifelong learning can only be successful if
it forms an organic part of the overall
program of the development of Hungarian
society and economy.
Basic considerations of the strategy
The strategy adopted by the Government in
September 2005 is a multi-sectoral document
prepared by the Ministry of Education and
the Ministry of Labor. It structures its
fields of intervention along five priorities
in order to introduce a comprehensive reform
of the education and training system. These
are the following:
-
equal opportunities;
-
strengthening the links between the
education and training system and the
labor market;
-
application of new governance methods;
-
enhancing the efficiency of the
education and training system, and
increasing related public and private
investment;
-
improving the quality of education and
training.
All five priorities aim at the improvement
of the Hungarian education and training
system with the basic premise that
competence-based education in a lifelong
learning perspective increases the capacity
of individuals to adapt to labor market
demands and thus their employability.
The education of elderly people also forms
an integral part of the paradigm of learning
from cradle to grave, since the proportion
of elderly people has been growing, whose
demand for learning needs to be satisfied.
Although in Hungary, the concept and the
system of the final stage of lifelong
learning is just developing, initiatives
have been taken (e.g. old-age pensioners’
clubs, Grundtvig programs) which provide a
stable base for further development.
MERLIN – Storytelling project is a very good
example how to use a methodology for life
long learning. It presents how to decrease
gap between generations and transfer
knowledge, impressions further. It is a
stage for communication, sharing very
important but personal opinions to join or
refuse. It a type of motivation to work
together as partners during our life.
Bibliography:
The Ministry of Education of the Republic of
Hungary. “The Strategy for Lifelong Learning
in Hungary. An Overview.” Budapest: January
2006
Sun. “Building a Community for Lifelong
Learning. Executive overview of the 2004
Lifelong Learning Forum,” April 2004
“Education and Training 2010.”
Available:
http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/education/policies.
Access: 10 April 2007
“Lifelong education.” Available:
http://wikipedia.org/wiki/lifelong_education.
Access: 19 April 2007
Edited by Mr. Jozsef Gal
Made in IM Informatikai Maganiskola Kft, Mr.
Geza Knyur manager
Szanto K. J. u. 64. 6800 Hodmezovasarhely,
Hungary, 2007.
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